| Term | Definition | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Noun / 名词 / संज्ञा / Sustantivo / اسم / Nom / संज्ञा / Substantivo / Существительное / Kata Benda / Substantiv / 名詞 / 명사 / Danh từ / Nome / คำนาม | A word for a person, place, thing, or idea. | I have a dog. We will build a boat. |
| Pronoun / 代词 / सर्वनाम / Pronombre / ضمير / Pronom / সর্বনাম / Pronome / Местоимение / Kata Ganti / Pronomen / 代名詞 / 대명사 / Đại từ / Pronome / คำสรรพนาม | A word that replaces the participants, someone, or something in the conversation. | She is happy. I hugged him. They will go tomorrow. |
| Proper Noun / 专有名词 / विशेष संज्ञा / Nombre propio / اسم علم / Nom propre / বিশেষ নাম / Nome próprio / Имя собственное / Kata Nama Khusus / Eigenname / 固有名詞 / 고유 명사 / Danh từ riêng / Nome proprio / คำนามเฉพาะ | A specific name for a unique person, place, or thing; always capitalized. | London is beautiful. My friend is Maria. He visited Mount Fuji. |
| Subject / 主语 / कर्ता / Sujeto / فاعل / Sujet / ??? / Sujeito / Подлежащее / Subjek / Subjekt / 主語 / 주어 / Chủ ngữ / Soggetto / ประธาน | A noun or pronoun that performs the action of the verb or is described by it. | He runs fast. The cat sleeps. They are happy. |
| Object / 宾语 / कर्म / Objeto / مفعول به / Objet / কর্ম / Objeto / Дополнение / Objek / Objekt / 目的語 / 목적어 / Tân ngữ / Oggetto / กรรม | A noun or pronoun that receives the action of the verb. | She eats cake. I saw him. They built a house. |
| Verb / 动词 / क्रिया / Verbo / فعل / Verbe / ক্রিয়া / Verbo / Глагол / Kata Kerja / Verb / 動詞 / 동사 / Động từ / Verbo / คำกริยา | A word that shows an action, occurrence, or state of being. | They run fast. She thought for a few minutes. I will eat the salad. |
| Adjective / 形容词 / विशेषण / Adjetivo / صفة / Adjectif / বিশেষণ / Adjetivo / Прилагательное / Kata Sifat / Adjektiv / 形容詞 / 형용사 / Tính từ / Aggettivo / คำคุณศัพท์ | A word that describes a noun or pronoun. | The red apple. A big mistake. My sister bought a newish car today. |
| Adverb / 副词 / क्रिया विशेषण / Adverbio / حال / Adverbe / ক্রিয়া বিশেষণ / Advérbio / Наречие / Kata Keterangan / Adverb / 副詞 / 부사 / Trạng từ / Avverbio / คำกริยาวิเศษณ์ | A word that modifies a verb, adjective, or other adverb. | She sings beautifully. They speak English and Spanish well. We walked inside. |
| Preposition / 介词 / पूर्वसर्ग / Preposición / حرف جر / Préposition / পূর্বসর্গ / Preposição / Предлог / Kata Depan / Präposition / 前置詞 / 전치사 / Giới từ / Preposizione / คำบุพบท | A word that shows the relationship of a noun/pronoun to another word. | The cat is on the table. The old man is standing between his grandchildren. I ran to the park. |
| Conjunction / 连词 / संयोजक / Conjunción / أداة ربط / Conjonction / সংযোজক / Conjunção / Союз / Konjungsi / Konjunktion / 接続詞 / 접속사 / Liên từ / Congiunzione / คำสันธาน | A word that connects words, phrases, or clauses. | I like tea and coffee. I will go to France or Spain this summer. |
| Interjection / 感叹词 / विस्मयादिबोधक / Interjección / أداة تعجب / Interjection / বিস্ময়াদিবোধক / Interjeição / Междометие / Seru / Interjektion / 間投詞 / 감탄사 / Thán từ / Interiezione / คำอุทาน | A word or phrase that expresses emotion. | Wow! That’s amazing! No! Don't do it! Oops! I dropped it. |
| Determiner / 限定词 / निर्धारक / Determinante / محدد / Déterminant / নির্ধারক / Determinante / Определитель / Penentu / Determinativ / 限定詞 / 한정사 / Từ hạn định / Determinante / คำบ่งชี้ | A word that introduces a noun and limits its meaning. | This book is mine. I have six books. The movie was good. Mark's car is so old. She says the same thing every time. |
| Article / 冠词 / उपपद / Artículo / أداة تعريف / Article / উপপদ / Artigo / Артикль / Artikel / Artikel / 冠詞 / 관사 / Mạo từ / Articolo / คำนำหน้านาม | A word that defines the noun as specific or unspecific. | The sun is too bright. A bird ate some bread. I ate an apple. |
| Numeral / 数词 / संख्यावाचक / Numeral / عدد / Numéral / সংখ্যাবাচক / Numeral / Числительное / Bilangan / Zahlwort / 数詞 / 수사 / Số từ / Numerale / คำบอกจำนวน | A word that expresses a number. | I have three cats. He has 2 cars. |
| Quantifier / 量词 / परिमाणवाचक / Cuantificador / محدد كمي / Quantificateur / পরিমাণবাচক / Quantificador / Квантификатор / Kuantifier / Quantor / 量化詞 / 양화사 / Từ chỉ lượng / Quantificatore / คำบอกปริมาณ | A word that indicates quantity. | There are many people. I have some books. |
| Auxiliary Verb / 助动词 / सहायक क्रिया / Verbo auxiliar / فعل مساعد / Verbe auxiliaire / সহায়ক ক্রিয়া / Verbo auxiliar / Вспомогательный глагол / Kata Kerja Bantu / Hilfsverb / 助動詞 / 보조 동사 / Trợ động từ / Verbo ausiliare / คำกริยาช่วย | A verb used with the main verb to show tense, aspect, etc. | She has eaten. She is reading a book. He does like chocolate! |
| Modal Verb / 情态动词 / भाववाचक क्रिया / Verbo modal / فعل ناقص / Verbe modal / ভাববাচক ক্রিয়া / Verbo modal / Модальный глагол / Kata Kerja Modal / Modalverb / 法助動詞 / 법조동사 / Động từ tình thái / Verbo modale / คำกริยาลักษณะ | An auxiliary that shows possibility, necessity, permission. | You should study. He can swim very well. It might rain later. |
| Prefix / 前缀 / उपसर्ग / Prefijo / بادئة / Préfixe / উপসর্গ / Prefixo / Префикс / Prefiks / Präfix / 接頭辞 / 접두사 / Tiền tố / Prefisso / คำนำหน้า | A type of affix attached before the root word to modify its meaning. | unworthy preview |
| Suffix / 后缀 / प्रत्यय / Sufijo / لاحقة / Suffixe / প্রত্যয় / Sufixo / Суффикс / Suffiks / Suffix / 接尾辞 / 접미사 / Hậu tố / Suffisso / คำปัจจัย | A type of affix attached after the root word to modify its meaning. | hopeful national transition |
| Simple Present / 一般现在时 / सामान्य वर्तमान काल / Presente simple / المضارع البسيط / Présent simple / সাধারণ বর্তমান কাল / Presente simples / Простое настоящее время / Present sederhana / Präsens / 現在形 / 현재형 / Thì hiện tại đơn / Presente semplice / ปัจจุบันกาลธรรมดา | Describes habits, general truths, repeated actions. | I eat breakfast. She works here. Cats like milk. |
| Present Continuous / 现在进行时 / वर्तमान काल चल रहा है / Presente continuo / المضارع المستمر / Présent continu / চলমান বর্তমান কাল / Presente contínuo / Настоящее длительное время / Sedang berlangsung / Präsens Verlaufsform / 現在進行形 / 현재진행형 / Thì hiện tại tiếp diễn / Presente progressivo / ปัจจุบันกาลกำลังกระทำ | Describes actions happening right now. | I am eating now. They are studying. She is watching TV. |
| Present Perfect / 现在完成时 / पूर्ण वर्तमान काल / Pretérito perfecto / المضارع التام / Passé composé / বর্তমান সম্পূর্ণ কাল / Pretérito perfeito / Настоящее совершенное время / Present perfect / Perfekt / 現在完了形 / 현재완료형 / Thì hiện tại hoàn thành / Passato prossimo / ปัจจุบันกาลสมบูรณ์ | Connects past actions to the present. | I have eaten. She has finished her work. They have left. |
| Present Perfect Continuous / 现在完成进行时 / वर्तमान पूर्ण चल काल / Pretérito perfecto continuo / المضارع التام المستمر / Passé composé progressif / বর্তমান সম্পূর্ণ চলমান কাল / Pretérito perfeito contínuo / Настоящее совершенное длительное время / Present perfect continuous / Perfekt Verlaufsform / 現在完了進行形 / 현재완료진행형 / Thì hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn / Passato prossimo progressivo / ปัจจุบันกาลสมบูรณ์กำลังกระทำ | Describes an action that began in the past and is still continuing. | I have been studying. She has been working all day. It has been raining. |
| Simple Past / 一般过去时 / सामान्य भूतकाल / Pasado simple / الماضي البسيط / Passé simple / সাধারণ অতীতকাল / Pretérito simples / Простое прошедшее время / Past sederhana / Präteritum / 過去形 / 과거형 / Thì quá khứ đơn / Passato semplice / อดีตกาลธรรมดา | Describes completed actions in the past. | I walked to school. She ate lunch. They played chess. |
| Past Continuous / 过去进行时 / भूतकाल चल रहा है / Pasado continuo / الماضي المستمر / Imparfait / চলমান অতীতকাল / Pretérito contínuo / Прошедшее длительное время / Sedang lampau / Präteritum Verlaufsform / 過去進行形 / 과거진행형 / Thì quá khứ tiếp diễn / Passato progressivo / อดีตกาลกำลังกระทำ | Describes actions that were happening at a specific time in the past. | I was reading. They were dancing. He was sleeping. |
| Past Perfect / 过去完成时 / पूर्ण भूतकाल / Pretérito pluscuamperfecto / الماضي التام / Plus-que-parfait / অতীত সম্পূর্ণ কাল / Pretérito mais-que-perfeito / Прошедшее совершенное время / Past perfect / Plusquamperfekt / 過去完了形 / 과거완료형 / Thì quá khứ hoàn thành / Trapassato prossimo / อดีตกาลสมบูรณ์ | Describes an action that was completed before another past action. | I had eaten before he arrived. They had left. She had studied. |
| Past Perfect Continuous / 过去完成进行时 / पूर्ण चल भूतकाल / Pretérito pluscuamperfecto continuo / الماضي التام المستمر / Plus-que-parfait progressif / অতীত সম্পূর্ণ চলমান কাল / Pretérito mais-que-perfeito contínuo / Прошедшее совершенное длительное время / Past perfect continuous / Plusquamperfekt Verlaufsform / 過去完了進行形 / 과거완료진행형 / Thì quá khứ hoàn thành tiếp diễn / Trapassato prossimo progressivo / อดีตกาลสมบูรณ์กำลังกระทำ | Describes an ongoing action in the past that was completed before another past action. | I had been working all day. She had been crying. They had been waiting. |
| Simple Future / 一般将来时 / सामान्य भविष्यकाल / Futuro simple / المستقبل البسيط / Futur simple / সাধারণ ভবিষ্যৎকাল / Futuro simples / Простое будущее время / Future sederhana / Futur / 未来形 / 미래형 / Thì tương lai đơn / Futuro semplice / อนาคตกาลธรรมดา | Describes actions that will happen. | I will call you. She will arrive soon. They will win. |
| Future Continuous / 将来进行时 / भविष्यकाल चल रहा है / Futuro continuo / المستقبل المستمر / Futur progressif / চলমান ভবিষ্যৎকাল / Futuro contínuo / Будущее длительное время / Future continuous / Futur Verlaufsform / 未来進行形 / 미래진행형 / Thì tương lai tiếp diễn / Futuro progressivo / อนาคตกาลกำลังกระทำ | Describes actions that will be in progress at a certain time in the future. | I will be traveling tomorrow. She will be sleeping. They will be working. |
| Future Perfect / 将来完成时 / पूर्ण भविष्यकाल / Futuro perfecto / المستقبل التام / Futur antérieur / সম্পূর্ণ ভবিষ্যৎকাল / Futuro perfeito / Будущее совершенное время / Future perfect / Futur II / 未来完了形 / 미래완료형 / Thì tương lai hoàn thành / Futuro anteriore / อนาคตกาลสมบูรณ์ | Describes actions that will be completed before a certain future time. | I will have finished by then. She will have left. They will have built the house. |
| Future Perfect Continuous / 将来完成进行时 / पूर्ण चल भविष्यकाल / Futuro perfecto continuo / المستقبل التام المستمر / Futur antérieur progressif / সম্পূর্ণ চলমান ভবিষ্যৎকাল / Futuro perfeito contínuo / Будущее совершенное длительное время / Future perfect continuous / Futur II Verlaufsform / 未来完了進行形 / 미래완료진행형 / Thì tương lai hoàn thành tiếp diễn / Futuro anteriore progressivo / อนาคตกาลสมบูรณ์กำลังกระทำ | Describes actions that will continue up to a point in the future. | I will have been studying for hours. She will have been working. They will have been waiting. |
| Active Voice / 主动语态 / कर्तृवाच्य / Voz activa / المبني للمعلوم / Voix active / কর্তৃবাচ্য / Voz ativa / Действительный залог / Suara aktif / Aktiv / 能動態 / 능동태 / Thể chủ động / Voce attiva / ประโยคกรรมทำ | A sentence structure where the subject performs the action. | The dog bit the man. She writes stories. They built a house. |
| Passive Voice / 被动语态 / कर्मवाच्य / Voz pasiva / المبني للمجهول / Voix passive / কর্মবাচ্য / Voz passiva / Страдательный залог / Suara pasif / Passiv / 受動態 / 수동태 / Thể bị động / Voce passiva / ประโยคถูกกระทำ | A sentence structure where the subject receives the action. | The man was bitten by the dog. The stories are written by her. The house was built by them. |
| Agreement / 一致 / सामंजस्य / Concordancia / المطابقة / Accord / সামঞ্জস্য / Concordância / Согласование / Persesuaian / Kongruenz / 一致 / 일치 / Quan hệ hòa hợp / Concordanza / ความสอดคล้อง | The grammatical rule that certain words must match in features like number, gender, or person. | He runs fast. She was happy. These are books. |
| Consonant / 辅音 / व्यंजन / Consonante / حرف ساكن / Consonne / ব্যঞ্জন / Consoante / Согласный / Konsonan / Konsonant / 子音 / 자음 / Phụ âm / Consonante / พยัญชนะ | A speech sound made with complete or partial closure of the vocal tract. | b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x, z |
| Vowel / 元音 / स्वर / Vocal / حرف علة / Voyelle / স্বর / Vogal / Гласный / Vokal / Vokal / 母音 / 모음 / Nguyên âm / Vocale / สระ | A speech sound made with an open vocal tract. | a, e, i, o, u |
| Mass Noun / 不可数名词 / अवगणनीय संज्ञा / Nombre incontable / اسم غير معدود / Nom massif / অবগণনীয় / Nome incontável / Несчисляемое имя / Kata benda massal / Nicht zählbares Substantiv / 非可算名詞 / 비가산 명사 / Danh từ không đếm được / Nome non numerabile / คำนามนับไม่ได้ | A noun that cannot be counted individually; usually doesn’t have a plural form. | Water is essential. She gave me advice. There is furniture in the room. |
| Count Noun / 可数名词 / गणनीय संज्ञा / Nombre contable / اسم معدود / Nom comptable / গণনীয় / Nome contável / Исчисляемое имя / Kata benda dapat dihitung / Zählbares Substantiv / 可算名詞 / 가산 명사 / Danh từ đếm được / Nome numerabile / คำนามนับได้ | A noun that can be counted and has singular/plural forms. | I have three books. There is one apple. We saw five cars. |
| Phrasal Verb / 短语动词 / वाक्यांश क्रिया / Verbo frasal / الفعل المركب / Verbe à particule / বাক্যাংশ ক্রিয়া / Verbo frasal / Фразовый глагол / Kata kerja frasa / Phrasalverb / 句動詞 / 구동사 / Động từ cụm / Verbo frasale / กริยาวลี | A verb plus one or more particles (prepositions or adverbs) that changes its meaning. | give up look after put off |
| Idiom / 成语 / मुहावरा / Modismo / تعبير اصطلاحي / Idiome / প্রবাদ / Idioma / Идиома / Idiom / Idiom / 慣用句 / 관용구 / Thành ngữ / Idioma / สำนวน | A fixed expression whose meaning is not literal but figurative. | Kick the bucket Break the ice Hit the books |
| Infinitive / 不定式 / अनन्तरूप / Infinitivo / المصدر / Infinitif / অনির্দিষ্ট রূপ / Infinitivo / Инфинитив / Infinitif / Infinitiv / 不定詞 / 부정사 / Động từ nguyên thể / Infinito / รูปกริยาไม่กำหนดกาล | The base form of a verb, usually with “to”. | to eat to run to be |
| Stress / 重音 / बलाघात / Acento prosódico / النبرة / Accent tonique / স্বরাঘাত / Acentuação / Ударение / Tekanan / Betonung / アクセント / 강세 / Trọng âm / Accento tonico / น้ำหนักเสียง | Emphasis on a syllable or word when speaking. | table unbelievable important |
| Intonation / 语调 / स्वर लहरी / Entonación / التنغيم / Intonation / সুর / Entonação / Интонация / Intonasi / Intonation / イントネーション / 억양 / Ngữ điệu / Intonazione / ลักษณะเสียงสูงต่ำ | The rise and fall of the voice when speaking. | Rising: Are you okay? Falling: He’s here. Level: Well… maybe. |
| Indirect Object / 间接宾语 / अप्रत्यक्ष कर्म / Objeto indirecto / المفعول غير المباشر / Objet indirect / পরোক্ষ কর্ম / Objeto indireto / Косвенное дополнение / Objek tidak langsung / Indirektes Objekt / 間接目的語 / 간접목적어 / Tân ngữ gián tiếp / Oggetto indiretto / กรรมรอง | The noun or pronoun that receives the direct object. | She gave him a gift. They sent us a letter. I made her dinner. |
| Formal Language / 正式语言 / औपचारिक भाषा / Lenguaje formal / اللغة الرسمية / Langage formel / আনুষ্ঠানিক ভাষা / Linguagem formal / Формальный язык / Bahasa formal / Formelle Sprache / フォーマルな言語 / 격식 있는 말 / Ngôn ngữ trang trọng / Linguaggio formale / ภาษาทางการ | Language used in serious or official contexts. | “I would like to request…” “It is necessary to…” “Sincerely yours,” |
| Casual Speech / 随便说话 / अनौपचारिक भाषा / Habla informal / الكلام العفوي / Langage familier / অনানুষ্ঠানিক কথা / Linguagem informal / Неформальная речь / Bahasa santai / Umgangssprache / カジュアルな話し方 / 일상 대화 / Lối nói thân mật / Linguaggio informale / ภาษาพูดธรรมดา | Informal, everyday language used with friends or family. | “Hey, what’s up?” “Gonna grab lunch.” “See ya later!” |
| Transitive Verb / 及物动词 / सकर्मक क्रिया / Verbo transitivo / فعل متعدي / Verbe transitif / সকর্মক ক্রিয়া / Verbo transitivo / Переходный глагол / Kata kerja transitif / Transitives Verb / 他動詞 / 타동사 / Động từ chuyển tiếp / Verbo transitivo / กริยาสกรรม | A verb that takes a direct object. | She reads a book. He kicked the ball. They built a house. |
| Intransitive Verb / 不及物动词 / अकर्मक क्रिया / Verbo intransitivo / فعل لازم / Verbe intransitif / অকর্মক ক্রিয়া / Verbo intransitivo / Непереходный глагол / Kata kerja intransitif / Intransitives Verb / 自動詞 / 자동사 / Động từ nội động / Verbo intransitivo / กริยากรรมสมบูรณ์ | A verb that does not take a direct object. | She sleeps. He arrived. They laugh. |
| Phonetics / 语音学 / ध्वनिविज्ञान / Fonética / علم الأصوات / Phonétique / ধ্বনিবিজ্ঞান / Fonética / Фонетика / Fonetik / Phonetik / 音声学 / 음성학 / Âm vị học / Fonetica / สัทศาสตร์ | The study of the physical sounds of human speech. | [p], [s], [æ] |
| Phoneme / 音位 / ध्वनिम / Fonema / صوت لغوي / Phonème / ধ্বনিম / Fonema / Фонема / Fonem / Phonem / 音素 / 음소 / Âm vị / Fonema / หน่วยเสียง | The smallest unit of sound that distinguishes meaning. | /p/ in pat /b/ in bat /k/ in cat |
| Morphology / 形态学 / रूपविज्ञान / Morfología / علم الصرف / Morphologie / রূপবিজ্ঞান / Morfologia / Морфология / Morfologi / Morphologie / 形態論 / 형태론 / Hình thái học / Morfologia / รูปคำวิทยา | The study of the structure and formation of words. | “un-” “-ed” plural “-s” |
| Morpheme / 语素 / रूप / Morfema / مورفيم / Morphème / রূপ / Morfema / Морфема / Morfem / Morphem / 形態素 / 형태소 / Hình vị / Morfema / หน่วยคำ | The smallest meaningful unit in a word. | cats → cat + s unhappy → un + happy walking → walk + ing |
| Syntax / 句法学 / वाक्यविन्यास / Sintaxis / النحو التركيبي / Syntaxe / বাক্যবিন্যাস / Sintaxe / Синтаксис / Sintaksis / Syntax / 統語論 / 통사론 / Cú pháp học / Sintassi / วากยสัมพันธ์ | The study of sentence structure and word order. | Subject + Verb + Object: She eats cake. |
| Semantics / 语义学 / अर्थविज्ञान / Semántica / علم الدلالة / Sémantique / অর্থবিজ্ঞান / Semântica / Семантика / Semantik / Semantik / 意味論 / 의미론 / Ngữ nghĩa học / Semantica / อรรถศาสตร์ | The study of meaning in language. | dog vs. puppy, synonyms, antonyms |
| Pragmatics / 语用学 / प्रयोगिक भाषा विज्ञान / Pragmática / علم التداوليات / Pragmatique / প্রয়োগিক ভাষাবিজ্ঞান / Pragmática / Прагматика / Pragmatik / Pragmatik / 語用論 / 화용론 / Ngữ dụng học / Pragmatica / ปริกณสัมพันธ์ | The study of how context influences meaning. | “Can you pass the salt?” → request |
| Dialect / 方言 / उपभाषा / Dialecto / لهجة / Dialecte / উপভাষা / Dialeto / Диалект / Dialek / Dialekt / 方言 / 방언 / Phương ngữ / Dialetto / ภาษาถิ่น | A regional or social variety of a language. | British English vs. American English |
| Register / 语域 / भाषा शैलि / Registro / السجل اللغوي / Registre / ভাষা রেজিস্টার / Registro / Регистр / Ragam / Register / レジスター / 언어역 / Phong cách ngôn ngữ / Registro / ระดับภาษา | A variety of language used in a particular social setting or context. | Formal informal academic |
| Clause / 从句 / उपवाक्य / Oración / جملة فرعية / Proposition / উপবাক্য / Oração / Предложение / Klausa / Satzglied / 節 / 절 / Mệnh đề / Proposizione / อนุประโยค | A group of words with a subject and a verb. | When he arrived because I care She sings |
| Predicate / 谓语 / विधेय / Predicado / المسند / Prédicat / বিধেয় / Predicado / Сказуемое / Predikat / Prädikat / 述語 / 술어 / Vị ngữ / Predicato / ภาคแสดง | The part of a sentence or clause that says something about the subject (usually contains the verb). | She eats breakfast. The cat is sleeping. They are happy. |
| Compound Word / 复合词 / संयुक्त शब्द / Palabra compuesta / كلمة مركبة / Mot composé / যৌগিক শব্দ / Palavra composta / Сложное слово / Kata majemuk / Kompositum / 複合語 / 합성어 / Từ ghép / Parola composta / คำประสม | A word made by combining two or more words to create a new meaning. | blackboard snowman toothbrush |
| Syllable / 音节 / अक्षर / Sílaba / مقطع / Syllabe / অক্ষর / Sílaba / Слог / Suku kata / Silbe / 音節 / 음절 / Âm tiết / Sillaba / พยางค์ | A unit of pronunciation with one vowel sound, may include consonants. | cat (1 syllable) wa-ter (2 syllables) ba-na-na (3 syllables) |
| Onset / 音节起首 / आरंभ / Ataque silábico / بداية المقطع / Attaque syllabique / আক্রমণ / Ataque / Инициаль / Awalan suku kata / Silbenanfang / 音節頭音 / 초성 / Âm đầu / Attacco sillabico / เสียงต้นพยางค์ | The consonant(s) at the beginning of a syllable before the vowel (nucleus). | In cat: /k/ In tree: /tr/ In stop: /st/ |
| Assimilation / 同化 / समाकलन / Asimilación / التماثل / Assimilation / সমাকলন / Assimilação / Ассимиляция / Asimilasi / Assimilation / 同化 / 동화 / Đồng hóa / Assimilazione / การกลมกลืนเสียง | A sound change where a phoneme becomes more like a nearby sound. | “in+possible” → impossible “handbag” → hambag “ten bikes” → tem bikes |
| Minimal Pair / 最小对立体 / न्यूनतम युग्म / Par mínimo / زوج متنافر / Paire minimal / সর্বনিম্ন জোড়া / Par mínimo / Минимальная пара / Pasangan minimal / Minimalpaar / 最小対立ペア / 최소대립쌍 / Cặp tối thiểu / Coppia minima / คำคู่ต่างเสียง | Two words differing by only one sound, showing that sound distinguishes meaning. | bat / pat ship / sheep bit / beat |
| Denotation / 外延意义 / अभिधा अर्थ / Denotación / الدلالة / Dénotation / বহির্দেশ্য অর্থ / Denotação / Денотация / Denotasi / Denotation / 外延 / 지시 의미 / Nghĩa đen / Denotazione / ความหมายตรง | The literal, direct meaning of a word or phrase. | snake → a reptile rose → a flower |
| Connotation / 内涵意义 / व्यंजना अर्थ / Connotación / الدلالة الإيحائية / Connotation / অন্তর্নিহিত অর্থ / Conotação / Коннотация / Konotasi / Konnotation / 内包 / 함축 의미 / Nghĩa bóng / Connotazione / ความหมายแฝง | The additional idea or feeling a word suggests beyond its literal meaning. | snake → danger rose → romance |
| Polysemy / 一词多义 / बहुअर्थी शब्द / Polisemia / التعدد المعنوي / Polysémie / বহুবিধ অর্থ / Polissemia / Полисемия / Polisemi / Polysemie / 多義性 / 다의어 / Đa nghĩa / Polisemia / ความหมายหลายอย่าง | A single word that has multiple related meanings. | head → of a person head → of a table bank → river bank → money |
| Homonym / 同形异义词 / समरूपी शब्द / Homónimo / اللفظ المتجانس / Homonyme / সমরূপ শব্দ / Homônimo / Омоним / Homonim / Homonym / 同音異義語 / 동음이의어 / Từ đồng âm / Omonimo / คำพ้องเสียง | Words spelled/pronounced the same but with unrelated meanings. | bat (animal) bat (baseball) bear (animal) bear (carry) |
| Slang / 俚语 / अपभाषा / Jerga / العامية / Argot / আঞ্চলিক শব্দ / Gíria / Сленг / Slang / Umgangssprache / スラング / 속어 / Tiếng lóng / Gergo / ภาษาสแลง | Very informal language used by specific groups. | cool (great) chill (relax) bucks (dollars) |
| Hyponym / 下位词 / उपश्रेणी शब्द / Hipónimo / فرع / Hyponyme / অধীন শব্দ / Hipônimo / Гипоним / Hiponim / Hyponym / 下位語 / 하위어 / Từ hạ danh / Iponimo / คำย่อย | A more specific word within a general category. | “Rose” is a hyponym of “flower.” “Dog” is a hyponym of “animal.” “Piano” is a hyponym of “instrument.” |
| Hypernym / 上位词 / श्रेणी शब्द / Hiperónimo / فئة / Hyperonyme / ঊর্ধ্বশ্রেণী শব্দ / Hiperônimo / Гипероним / Hipernim / Hyperonym / 上位語 / 상위어 / Từ thượng danh / Iperonimo / คำหลัก | A general category word that includes more specific words (hyponyms). | “Flower” is a hypernym of “rose.” “Animal” is a hypernym of “dog.” “Fruit” is a hypernym of “apple.” |
| Function Word / 虚词 / कार्यात्मक शब्द / Palabra funcional / كلمة وظيفية / Mot grammatical / ক্রিয়ামূলক শব্দ / Palavra funcional / Служебное слово / Kata fungsi / Funktionswort / 機能語 / 기능어 / Từ chức năng / Parola funzionale / คำหน้าที่ | A word with little lexical meaning but important for grammar. | “the” “and” “but” |
| Content Word / 实词 / अर्थवाची शब्द / Palabra léxica / كلمة محتوى / Mot lexical / অর্থবাহী শব্দ / Palavra de conteúdo / Знаковое слово / Kata isi / Inhaltswort / 内容語 / 실질어 / Từ từ vựng / Parola di contenuto / คำเนื้อหา | A word with lexical meaning (noun, verb, adjective, adverb). | “tree” “run” “beautiful” |
| Tag Question / 附加疑问句 / प्रश्नात्मक पूरक / Pregunta de confirmación / سؤال التذييل / Question tag / অনুসারী প্রশ্ন / Pergunta de confirmação / Хвостовой вопрос / Pertanyaan ekor / Bestätigungsfrage / 付加疑問文 / 부가 의문문 / Câu hỏi đuôi / Domanda tag / คำถามย้ำ | A short question added to the end of a statement to confirm. | “You’re coming, aren’t you?” “It’s cold, isn’t it?” “She left, didn’t she?” |
| Backchanneling / 回馈词 / प्रतिपुष्टि शब्द / Señal de escucha / تعقيبات / Réaction d’écoute / প্রতিপুষ্টি শব্দ / Sinal de escuta / Поддакивание / Sinyal pendengar / Hörersignal / あいづち / 피드백 언어 / Phản hồi nghe / Segnale d’ascolto / คำรับฟัง | Verbal or non-verbal signals to show active listening. | “Uh-huh.” “I see.” Head nodding. |
| Cognate / 同源词 / समान मूल शब्द / Cognado / كلمة ذات أصل مشترك / Mot cognat / সমজাতীয় শব্দ / Cognato / Родственное слово / Kognat / Kognat / 同根語 / 동족어 / Từ đồng nguyên / Cognato / คำที่มีรากเดียวกัน | A word in different languages that has the same origin. | English “night” & German “Nacht” Spanish “música” & English “music” Italian “fratello” & French “frère” |
| Elision / 省略 / अपसरण / Elisión / الحذف الصوتي / Élision / শব্দলুপ্তি / Elisão / Элизия / Elisi / Elision / 音の脱落 / 탈락 / Lược âm / Elisone / การลบเสียง | The omission of a sound or syllable in speech. | “going to” → “gonna” “family” → “fam’ly” “fish and chips” → “fish ’n’ chips” |
| Euphemism / 委婉语 / पुनः शब्दांकन / Eufemismo / تعبير ملطف / Euphémisme / সুন্দর ভাষা / Eufemismo / Эвфемизм / Eufemisme / Euphemismus / 婉曲語法 / 완곡어법 / Uyển ngữ / Eufemismo / คำสุภาพ | A mild or indirect word used instead of one that is too harsh. | “Passed away” for “died” “Let go” for “fired” “Senior citizen” for “old person” |
| Inflection / 屈折 / रूपांतर / Flexión / الاشتقاق الصرفي / Flexion / রূপান্তর / Flexão / Флексия / Infleksi / Flexion / 屈折 / 굴절 / Biến hình / Flessione / การผันคำ | A change in the form of a word to express tense, case, number, etc. | “talk” → “talked” “baby” → “babies” “run” → “runs” |
| Prosody / 韵律学 / लयात्मकता / Prosodia / العروض / Prosodie / ছন্দ / Prosódia / Просодия / Prosodi / Prosodie / 韻律 / 운율 / Ngữ điệu học / Prosodia / จังหวะเสียง | The patterns of rhythm, stress, and intonation in speech. | Rising intonation for questions. Stress on “record” (noun vs. verb). Speech rhythm. |
| Onomatopoeia / 拟声词 / अनुकरणात्मक शब्द / Onomatopeya / محاكاة صوتية / Onomatopée / অনুকার শব্দ / Onomatopeia / Ономатопея / Onomatope / Lautmalerei / 擬声語 / 의성어 / Từ tượng thanh / Onomatopea / คำเลียนเสียงธรรมชาติ | A word that imitates the sound it represents. | “buzz” “bang” “meow” |
| Collocation / 搭配 / सहप्रयुक्त शब्द / Colocación / إسناد لغوي / Collocation / সহাবস্থান / Colocação / Коллокация / Kolokasi / Kollokation / コロケーション / 연어 / Tổ hợp cố định / Collocazione / การจัดคำ | Words that commonly go together in a language. | “make a decision” “strong coffee” “heavy rain” |
| Creole / 克里奥尔语 / क्रीओल भाषा / Criollo / كريول / Créole / ক্রিওল ভাষা / Crioulo / Креольский язык / Kreol / Kreolsprache / クレオール語 / 크리올어 / Pidgin hóa hoàn chỉnh / Creolo / ภาษาครีโอล | A stable, fully-developed natural language from a pidgin. | Haitian Creole Tok Pisin Hawaiian Pidgin |
| Pidgin / 洋泾浜语 / पिजिन भाषा / Pidgin / اللغة الهجينة / Pidgin / পিজিন ভাষা / Pidgin / Пиджин / Pidgin / Pidgin / ピジン語 / 피진어 / Pidgin / Pidgin / ภาษาพิดจิน | A simplified language developed for communication between groups with no common language. | "The children from different countries quickly learned to communicate with a pidgin language" |
| Loanword / 借词 / ऋण शब्द / Préstamo léxico / كلمة دخيلة / Emprunt lexical / ঋণ শব্দ / Empréstimo lexical / Заимствованное слово / Kata pinjaman / Lehnwort / 外来語 / 외래어 / Từ vay mượn / Prestito linguistico / คำยืม | A word borrowed from another language. | “Piano” (Italian) “Ballet” (French) “Karaoke” (Japanese) |
| Ellipsis / 省略 / अपादान / Elipsis / الحذف / Ellipse / লোপ / Elipse / Эллипсис / Elipsis / Ellipse / 省略 / 생략 / Lược lược / Ellissi / อีลิปซิส | Leaving out words that are understood from context. | “Want some?” → “Do you want some?” “I can play the guitar, and she [can play the guitar] too.” “Ready?” |
| Anaphora / 前指代词 / पूर्वस्मरण / Anáfora / الإحالة / Anaphore / অনাফোরা / Anáfora / Анафора / Anáfora / Anapher / 前方照応 / 선행지시 / Phép hồi chỉ / Anafora / อนาฟอรา | A word that refers back to another word or phrase mentioned earlier. | “John lost his keys. He can’t find them.” “The dog barked. It was loud.” “Mary said she would come.” |
| Deixis / 指示词 / संकेत शब्द / Deixis / المشيرات / Déixis / নির্দেশক শব্দ / Deixis / Дейксис / Deiksis / Deixis / デイクシス / 지시어 / Phép chỉ xuất / Deissi / ไดซีซิส | Words whose meaning depends on context. | “Here, now, you, this.” “Come here.” “See that?” |
| Code-Switching / 代码转换 / कोड स्विचिंग / Cambio de código / التحويل اللغوي / Alternance codique / কোড-সুইচিং / Alternância de código / Код-свитчинг / Pergantian kode / Code-Switching / コードスイッチング / 코드 스위칭 / Chuyển mã / Alternanza di codice / การสลับภาษา | Switching between languages or dialects in conversation. | “I’m hungry — でも、まだ作ってない。” “He said ‘gracias’ and left.” “Let’s go, maintenant!” |
| Translanguaging / 跨语言实践 / पार-भाषिकता / Translenguaje / تعدد اللغات / Translanguer / বহুভাষিক ব্যবহার / Translinguagem / Транслингвизм / Translanguaging / Translanguaging / トランスランゲージング / 트랜스랭귀징 / Chuyển ngữ / Translinguaggio / การใช้หลายภาษา | Using multiple languages fluidly to make meaning and learn. | A student writes in Spanish and explains in English. Mixing vocabulary and grammar across languages. Taking notes in both L1 and L2. |
| Acronym / 首字母缩略词 / संक्षिप्ताक्षर / Acrónimo / اختصار الأحرف / Acronyme / সংক্ষিপ্ত রূপ / Acrônimo / Акроним / Akronim / Akronym / 頭字語 / 두문자어 / Từ viết tắt / Acronimo / ตัวย่อ | A word formed from the initial letters and pronounced as a word. | NASA UNESCO RADAR |
| Initialism / 首字母词 / आद्याक्षर संक्षेप / Sigla / اختصار الأحرف / Initialisme / প্রাথমিক শব্দ / Sigla / Инициализм / Akronim huruf / Initialismus / 頭字語 / 이니셜리즘 / Chữ cái đầu / Sigla / คำย่อ | A word formed from initial letters but pronounced letter by letter. | FBI ATM BBC |
| Contraction / 缩写词 / संक्षेप / Contracción / الاختصار / Contraction / সংকোচন / Contração / Сокращение / Kontraksi / Kontraktion / 短縮形 / 축약형 / Rút gọn / Contrazione / คำย่อ | A shortened form of words with omitted letters. | can’t (cannot) don’t (do not) she’s (she is) |
| Homophone / 同音异词 / समध्वनि शब्द / Homófono / كلمة متماثلة النطق / Homophone / সমধ্বনি শব্দ / Homófono / Омограф / Homofon / Homophon / 同音異義語 / 동음이의어 / Từ đồng âm khác nghĩa / Omofono / คำพ้องเสียง | Words pronounced the same but with different meanings or spellings. | “to”, “two”, “too” “bare” / “bear” “sea” / “see” |
| Interlanguage / 中介语 / अंतरभाषा / Interlengua / اللغة الوسيطة / Interlangue / অন্তঃভাষা / Interlíngua / Интерязык / Interbahasa / Interlanguage / 中間言語 / 중간언어 / Liên ngữ / Interlingua / ภาษากลาง | A learner’s evolving version of a second language that blends L1 and L2 rules. | “He go store.” “She no like.” Using L1 word order in L2 sentences. |
| Phatic Language / 寒暄语 / फाटिक भाषा / Lenguaje fático / اللغة الفاتحة / Langage phatique / প্রাসঙ্গিক ভাষা / Linguagem fática / Фатическая функция / Bahasa fatis / Phatische Sprache / 挨拶表現 / 친교적 언어 / Ngôn ngữ giao tiếp xã hội / Linguaggio fatico / คำพูดทักทาย | Language used for social interaction, not information. | “How are you?” “Nice weather!” “See you!” |
| Synonym / 同义词 / समानार्थक शब्द / Sinónimo / مرادف / Synonyme / সমার্থক শব্দ / Sinônimo / Синоним / Sinonim / Synonym / 同義語 / 동의어 / Từ đồng nghĩa / Sinonimo / คำพ้องความหมาย | Words with the same or similar meaning. | “big” / “large” “smart” / “clever” “begin” / “start” |
| Tautology / 同义反复 / पुनरुक्ति / Tautología / حشو الكلام / Tautologie / পুণরুক্তি / Tautologia / Тавтология / Tautologi / Tautologie / トートロジー / 동어반복 / Lặp lại vô ích / Tautologia / การพูดซ้ำซ้อน | Saying the same thing twice in different words, redundantly. | “Free gift” “Each and every” “Advance planning” |
